Update on the clinical and therapeutic aspects of myotonic dystrophy type 1

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a genetically mediated, multisystemic neuromuscular disorder with significant phenotypic heterogeneity. This review aimed to summarize recent advances in clinical understanding, natural history, and therapeutic development, with a focus on cardiac, respiratory, cognitive, and pediatric aspects of DM1.

Longitudinal studies are refining the natural history of both adult and pediatric DM1. Advances in biomarker discovery, including composite ribosomal nucleic acid splicing metrics and imaging findings, are improving disease monitoring and treatment assessment. Cardiac risk stratification is evolving, although respiratory management remains challenging due to adherence issues. Increasing attention is being given to cognitive and behavioral impairments, particularly in congenital and childhood-onset DM1. Although disease-modifying therapies remain in development, real-world data on symptomatic treatments such as mexiletine and nonpharmacological interventions, including exercise and cognitive behavioral therapy, provide valuable clinical insights.

Recent literature highlights substantial progress in understanding DM1 across different age groups and organ systems. Although no approved disease-modifying therapies exist, ongoing clinical trials and biomarker advancements offer hope. This review synthesizes these developments to inform clinical management and guide future research efforts.