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Related Concept Videos

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Glomerular Filtration01:15

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The filtration membrane in the renal system is a highly specialized structure essential for filtering blood. It consists of glomerular capillaries and podocytes, forming a selective barrier that permits the passage of water and small solutes while restricting most plasma proteins and blood cells.
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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
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Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
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The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...
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The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a measure of kidney function, reflecting the volume of filtrate formed per minute in the kidneys. On average, GFR is approximately 125 mL/min in males and 105 mL/min in females. Maintaining a relatively constant GFR is essential for the kidneys to effectively regulate body fluid homeostasis and maintain extracellular stability.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction
01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

Published on: June 19, 2025

476

Self-Propelling Water Droplets on Conical Spikes with Sawtooth Surface Structure.

Abubaker S Omer1, Aikifa Raza1, TieJun Zhang1

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|May 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed 3D-printed conical spikes with sawtooth and imbricated structures for efficient directional fluid transport. Sawtooth structures enhance droplet mobilization for passive fog harvesting, doubling water collection rates with smaller spacing.

Keywords:
3D printingcapillaritydirectional transportfog harvestingsawtooth structureself-propulsionsurface wettability

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Surface Engineering

Background:

  • Directional fluid transport is essential for various applications, including water and energy solutions.
  • Passive fog harvesting relies on efficient droplet movement and collection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of 3D-printed conical spikes with specific surface structures for passive droplet transport.
  • To optimize fog harvesting efficiency through engineered surface topographies.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of conical spikes with sawtooth and imbricated surface structures using high-resolution 3D printing.
  • Experimental analysis of droplet motion and fog harvesting on different spike geometries.
  • Quantitative measurement of capillary and hysteresis forces influencing droplet behavior.

Main Results:

  • Sawtooth structures demonstrated superior droplet mobilization towards the spike base compared to imbricated and smooth surfaces.
  • Imbricated surfaces exhibited higher hysteresis forces, leading to delayed droplet transport.
  • Fog harvesting rates were significantly enhanced by sawtooth spikes, with closer teeth spacing (10 micrometers) yielding double the rate of wider spacing (20 micrometers).

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between capillary and hysteresis forces governs self-propelled droplet motion on engineered surfaces.
  • 3D-printed sawtooth conical spikes offer a promising approach for efficient passive fog water harvesting.