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Psychosurgery, the surgical alteration or permanent removal of brain tissue to alleviate severe psychological conditions, stands as one of the most radical and controversial treatments in the history of mental health care. Its development and application have evolved significantly, marked by dramatic shifts in scientific understanding and ethical perspectives.
Historical Development of Psychosurgery
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy Retrograde Mastoidectomy using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique
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Surgery for mesial temporal pathology: a 26-year experience.

Tucker A Oliver1, Matthew L Lee1, Keaton F Piper2

  • 11Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and.

Journal of Neurosurgery
|May 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study shows that keyhole craniotomy using an inferior temporal gyrus approach for mesial temporal lobe surgery is safe and effective. The technique has matured, with strategies to minimize complications for novice surgeons.

Keywords:
complicationsepilepsy surgeryinferior temporal gyrusmesial temporal lobetemporal lobe

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Epilepsy Surgery
  • Minimally Invasive Techniques

Background:

  • Mesial temporal lobe (MTL) surgery presents challenges for novice surgeons.
  • The inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) approach via keyhole craniotomy offers a specialized corridor for MTL access.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the nuances of MTL surgery using the ITG keyhole craniotomy approach.
  • To review associated complications and propose preventative strategies for this surgical technique.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective review of 717 patients undergoing MTL resection from 1998-2022.
  • Exclusion of high-grade gliomas; documentation and categorization of neurological and nonneurological complications.

Main Results:

  • An overall complication rate of 5.3% (38/717 patients) was observed.
  • Most complications were transient; permanent deficits occurred in 0.3% (2/717 patients).
  • No perioperative deaths or major medical complications were reported.

Conclusions:

  • Keyhole craniotomy with ITG access is a safe and effective method for MTL resection.
  • The technique has matured, with evolving strategies for surgeon education and complication minimization.