Unseen threats in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems: Nanoparticle persistence, transport and toxicity in natural...

Although nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in various industries, their uncontrolled environmental release presents a potential risk to water bodies, vegetation and human health. Although previous review studies evaluated the toxicity and bioaccumulation of NPs, their long-term ecological impacts and transport dynamics in aquatic and terrestrial systems remain unexplored. The current review examined the mechanistic bioaccumulation, transport and environmental persistence of NPs, highlighting the need for concurrent risk assessment, regulation and management strategies. The multifaceted nature of nanotechnology necessitates a balanced approach considering both the benefits of NPs and their potential environmental and health risks, requiring comprehensive risk assessment and management strategies. The complexities of NPs risk assessment, emphasizing the unique properties of NPs influencing their toxicity and environmental behavior are critically addressed. Strategies to mitigate NPs' environmental impact include advanced monitoring techniques, regulatory frameworks tailored to NPs' unique properties, promotion of green nanotechnology practices, and NP remediation technologies. Given the complexity and uncertainty surrounding NPs, integration of regulatory, technological, and research-based strategies is imperative. This involves detailed NPs characterization techniques providing basic data for environmental fate prediction models and understanding of biologically relevant risk assessment models to safeguard our environment and public health. In this study, the recent advances in NPs persistence, environmental transport modelling and toxicity mechanisms are uniquely integrated, providing a framework to ecological risk assessment and regulatory approaches.