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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

175
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
175
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

88
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
88
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

400
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
400
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

562
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
562
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

383
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
383
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

155
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
155

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Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia
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Anesthesia in Office-Based Procedures.

Daniel T Li1, Yan H Lee1

  • 1Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 47 College Place, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.

Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
|May 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Otolaryngologists increasingly perform in-office procedures. Familiarity with head and neck anatomy and local anesthetics ensures patient comfort and safety during these interventions.

Keywords:
In-office proceduresLocal anesthesiaOtolaryngology

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Surgical Anatomy

Background:

  • Otolaryngologists are performing an increasing number of in-office procedures.
  • Adequate knowledge of head and neck anatomy is essential for these procedures.
  • Understanding local anesthetics and their administration is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the essential knowledge for otolaryngologists performing in-office procedures.
  • To highlight the importance of anatomical familiarity and anesthetic techniques.
  • To emphasize the surgeon's role in patient safety and complication management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of relevant anatomical structures in the head and neck.
  • Discussion of various local anesthetic options, including topical, infiltration, and nerve blocks.
  • Emphasis on safe procedural environments and acute complication management.

Main Results:

  • A combination of topical anesthetic, local infiltration, and nerve blocks can effectively manage patient comfort.
  • Comprehensive understanding of head and neck anatomy is vital for safe procedure execution.
  • Surgeons must be prepared to manage potential acute complications.

Conclusions:

  • Otolaryngologists require thorough knowledge of head and neck anatomy and local anesthetics for in-office procedures.
  • Multimodal anesthetic approaches enhance patient comfort.
  • Surgeons play a critical role in ensuring procedural safety and managing complications.