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Related Concept Videos

Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

11.9K
One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

52.8K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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Translation01:31

Translation

14.7K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity
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An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

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The Evolution and Implications of the Inosine tRNA Modification.

Peter T S van der Gulik1, Wouter D Hoff2

  • 1Algorithms and Complexity Group, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, P.O. Box 94079, 1090 GB Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Journal of Molecular Biology
|May 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Inosine modification of transfer RNA (tRNA) is crucial in molecular biology. Recent research reveals its evolutionary presence, enzymatic mechanisms, and links to human diseases, highlighting ongoing discoveries.

Keywords:
EukaryogenesisInosineModopathiesNanoporeWobble

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Inosine, a modified nucleoside, has been integral to molecular biology since Crick's 1966 wobble hypothesis.
  • Adenine-to-inosine modification of transfer RNA (tRNA) plays a significant role in genetic decoding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding tRNA inosine modification.
  • To integrate evolutionary and medical implications of inosine modification.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on research from the last five years.
  • Synthesis of findings on evolutionary distribution, enzymatic mechanisms, and disease relevance.

Main Results:

  • Inosine is not universally present across all life forms.
  • Bacterial inosine modification involves a single enzyme (TadA), while eukaryotes utilize ADAT2/ADAT3.
  • Progress in understanding eukaryotic enzymes and monitoring tRNA modifications is rapid.
  • Inosine modification at position 37 is under-studied, and modifications can be incomplete.
  • T-stem GC content influences wobble behavior, including inosine's.

Conclusions:

  • Research on tRNA inosine modification continues to yield significant new insights.
  • Inosine modification is evolutionarily dynamic and medically relevant, impacting human health.