Involvement of calcium and cytoskeleton in gallbladder epithelial cell volume regulation

The importance of calcium and cellular cytoskeletal elements in the activation or control of volume regulation by epithelial cells was explored in Necturus gallbladder. Gallbladder cells have been previously shown to rapidly readjust their volumes to control size after osmotic perturbation of the mucosal bathing solution. Removal of calcium from the perfusates caused dramatic morphological changes that prevented assessment of the role of extracellular calcium in volume regulation. The regulatory volume increase (RVI) that follows shrinkage of the cell due to perfusion of a hypertonic mannitol solution is insensitive to agents that interfere with cell calcium- or calmodulin-mediated events (quinidine, trifluoperazine) and is not blocked by agents that cause changes in the cytoskeleton (colchicine, cytochalasin B). Osmotically induced cell swelling is followed by regulatory volume decrease (RVD), which is inhibited by agents that interfere with calcium-dependent processes (quinidine, trifluoperazine) and by the microfilament inhibitor, cytochalasin B. These results indicate that RVD depends on calcium, calmodulin, and an intact microfilament network, whereas RVI is independent of these factors.