Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 21, 2025

Characterization of Metabolic Status in Nonhuman Primates with the Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test
Published on: November 13, 2016
HbA1C and Fructosamine levels during Infancy
Abstract:
Due to a high percentage of hemoglobin F, Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) measurements are inaccurate for assessing glycemia in infants. We aimed to determine when HbA1C might have utility and to assess the value of fructosamine. We measured HbA1C in healthy infants aged 3 weeks to 12 months. Hemoglobin, HbA1C, hemoglobin electrophoresis, fructosamine, and albumin levels were collected. Mean age was 193.9 ± 94.5 days; participants were 60.9% male, 80.4% white, and 15.2% Hispanic. Mean HbA1C (n=31) and fructosamine (n=33) were 5.0% (31 mmol/mol) (range 4.4-5.9%; 25-41 mmol/mol) and 217 (range 186-261 mCmol/L), respectively. HbA1C percentages negatively correlated with HbF percentages (p < 0.005) and rose with increasing age in infants <6 months (p < 0.01). Fructosamine did not vary with age. Normalizing HbA1C to hemoglobin fractions or fructosamine to albumin did not change significance. We conclude that HbA1C values (via HPLC) likely become a reliable marker of glycemia after 6 months of age and that fructosamine may be a better measure during this young age.
Related Concept Videos
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational
Glucose Transporters
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications
Development of Immunocompetence
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

