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Related Concept Videos

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

2.9K
Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

2.1K
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

22.3K
Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
22.3K
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

1.3K
Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
1.3K
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

494
For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
494
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

279
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2025

Characterization of Metabolic Status in Nonhuman Primates with the Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test
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Characterization of Metabolic Status in Nonhuman Primates with the Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

Published on: November 13, 2016

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HbA1C and Fructosamine levels during Infancy.

Rebecca Schneider Aguirre, Abeer Al-Raddadi, Linda A DiMeglio

    Medrxiv : the Preprint Server for Health Sciences
    |May 19, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) is unreliable for infant glucose monitoring due to high fetal hemoglobin (HbF). Fructosamine may be a better indicator in infants under six months old.

    Area of Science:

    • Pediatrics
    • Clinical Chemistry
    • Endocrinology

    Background:

    • Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) is commonly used to assess long-term glycemia.
    • High levels of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in infants interfere with HbA1C accuracy.
    • The utility of HbA1C and fructosamine for assessing glycemia in infants is not well-established.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the age at which HbA1C becomes a reliable measure of glycemia in infants.
    • To evaluate the effectiveness of fructosamine as an alternative marker for infant glycemia.
    • To investigate the correlation between HbA1C, HbF, and fructosamine levels in infants.

    Main Methods:

    • HbA1C, hemoglobin electrophoresis, fructosamine, and albumin levels were measured in healthy infants aged 3 weeks to 12 months.

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  • Statistical analysis was performed to assess correlations between HbA1C, HbF, age, and fructosamine levels.
  • HbA1C values were analyzed in relation to age and HbF percentages.

    • Main Results:

    • HbA1C percentages showed a negative correlation with HbF percentages (p < 0.005).
    • HbA1C levels increased with age in infants younger than 6 months (p < 0.01).
    • Fructosamine levels did not significantly vary with infant age.

    Conclusions:

    • HbA1C measured by HPLC is likely a reliable indicator of glycemia in infants after 6 months of age.
    • Fructosamine may serve as a more accurate biomarker for assessing glycemia in infants younger than 6 months.
    • Adjusting HbA1C or fructosamine for hemoglobin or albumin fractions, respectively, did not improve diagnostic significance.