Applicability of In Silico New Approach Methods for the Risk Assessment of Tattoo Ink Ingredients

Tattoo inks contain several substances, including organic and inorganic pigments, additives, and solvents, which may pose a health risk to not only the tattooed skin but also to other parts of the human body due to intradermal exposure. Substances in tattoo inks are regulated by entry 75 in Annex XVII of REACH Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006. However, despite these legal requirements, a well-defined criterion for the safety assessment of tattoo inks remains lacking. In this context, 2021 BfR opinion titled "Tattoo inks: minimum requirements and test methods" proposed a comprehensive risk assessment of pigments using in vitro/in-chemico data in accordance with OECD Guidelines and CLP Regulations. In the absence of experimental data, new approach methodologies (NAMs) may be used for data-gap filling. Therefore, this work evaluates the applicability of in silico NAMs for data-gap filling for a list of tattoo ink ingredients identified by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and BfR for genotoxicity assessment. Experimental in vitro genotoxicity data were acquired from the International Uniform Chemical Information Database (IUCLID) which makes non-confidential REACH Study Results publicly accessible. The specific aims of this analysis were the evaluation of in silico genotoxicity predictions from publicly available QSAR tools and structural alerts, the development and validation of new QSAR models specific to tattoo ink ingredients, and the application of in silico models for categorization and prioritization of data-poor ingredients for further screening. Based on the workflow developed in this study, 4 high priority, 18 medium priority, and 2 low priority substances were identified for further assessment.