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Related Concept Videos

Liver Regeneration01:24

Liver Regeneration

The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
Cells of Liver
The liver comprises four major types of cells— hepatocytes, stellate, Kupffer, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The hepatocytes are large...
Major Organs of the Digestive System01:19

Major Organs of the Digestive System

The digestive system is responsible for the ingestion of food, secretion of enzymes, mixing and digesting food, absorption of the nutrients and defecation. The human digestive system consists of two major parts: the gastrointestinal tract and the accessory digestive organs.
Gastrointestinal tract:
Peritoneum01:21

Peritoneum

The peritoneum is a vital membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most of the organs within it. It plays a crucial role in protecting the organs, providing a smooth surface for their movement, and facilitating various physiological processes. Understanding the anatomy and function of the peritoneum is essential for comprehending the complexities of the abdominal region.
Anatomy of the Peritoneum
The peritoneum is divided into two layers: the parietal peritoneum and the visceral...
Gross Anatomy of the Liver01:17

Gross Anatomy of the Liver

The liver, the largest gland within the human body, is a firm and reddish-brown organ. This wedge-shaped structure weighs approximately 1.5 kg and occupies a significant portion of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It extends more to the right of the body's midline than to the left.
Located under the diaphragm, the liver is almost entirely ensconced within the rib cage, providing it with substantial protection. Except for the superior most bare area, the liver's surface is covered...
Liver Histology01:27

Liver Histology

The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
Hepatocytes perform a variety of essential functions. They secrete...
Liver Physiology01:30

Liver Physiology

The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
Metabolic Regulation:
The liver is the central organ involved in regulating blood composition. It stabilizes blood glucose levels, maintaining them within the range of  70–110 mg/dL. When these levels drop, the liver breaks down glycogen reserves and releases glucose into the bloodstream. It can also...

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Related Experiment Video

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Generation of Organoids from Mouse Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
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Generation of Functional Endodermal Hepatic Organoids.

Soheil Akbari1, Nevin Ersoy2, Alper Bagriyanik3

  • 1Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|May 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a rapid protocol to create functional liver organoids from pluripotent stem cells. These hepatic organoids (eHEPOs) mimic liver functions and can be expanded long-term, offering a new source for hepatocytes.

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Organoid technology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Organoid technology enables in vitro generation of human organ-like mini-structures.
  • Advances in organoid models are crucial for disease modeling, developmental biology, and drug discovery.
  • Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived liver organoids are key for generating hepatocytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a robust and reproducible protocol for generating hepatic organoids from pluripotent stem cells.
  • To establish a fast and efficient method for creating functional liver organoids within two weeks.
  • To provide an alternative source for producing functional hepatocytes.

Main Methods:

  • Direct differentiation of iPSCs into endodermal cells.
  • FACS-enrichment of EpCAM-positive cells.
  • Establishment of hepatic organoids using expansion medium to create 3D endoderm-derived hepatic organoids (eHEPOs).

Main Results:

  • Hepatic organoids (eHEPOs) were generated within 2 weeks.
  • eHEPOs mimic essential hepatocyte functions, including albumin secretion, glycogen storage, and cytochrome P450 activity.
  • eHEPOs exhibit liver-specific gene expression, polarized epithelial cells, and bile canaliculi, and can be serially passaged for up to a year without losing differentiation capacity.

Conclusions:

  • The developed protocol provides a fast, efficient, and reproducible method for generating functional hepatic organoids (eHEPOs) from pluripotent stem cells.
  • eHEPOs serve as a valuable in vitro model for studying liver biology and disease, and for drug discovery.
  • Long-term expansion and differentiation capacity of eHEPOs offer a promising alternative source for functional hepatocytes.