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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
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Updated: May 21, 2025

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Liquid Coordination Polymers with Anhydrous Proton Conductivity.

Nattapol Ma1, Soracha Kosasang2, Satoshi Horike2,3

  • 1International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed functional liquid coordination polymers (CPs) by adding H3PO4, creating stable liquid states with tunable properties like proton conductivity for new conductor materials.

Keywords:
Amorphous materialsCoordination polymersLiquidsNetwork modifiersProton conductivities

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Liquid states in coordination polymers (CPs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are often transient, hindering their exploration as functional materials.
  • Existing research primarily focuses on crystalline and glass states of these hybrid materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of liquid CPs as functional materials with unique properties.
  • To develop a strategy for achieving stable, functional liquid CPs near ambient conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Introducing H3PO4 as a network modifier to disrupt extended coordination networks during melting.
  • Tuning the ratio of network modifiers to control liquid properties.
  • Characterizing anhydrous proton conductivity and viscosity.

Main Results:

  • Achieved stable liquid CPs near ambient conditions.
  • Demonstrated tunable properties, including anhydrous proton conductivity up to 27 mS cm-1 at 353 K.
  • Reported viscosities ranging from 18.8 to 10^5.9 Pa·s at 303 K.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid CPs represent a novel platform for developing functional materials.
  • This work introduces liquid CPs as a new class of liquid conductors.
  • The strategy offers control over liquid properties for tailored applications.