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Protection of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection Against Different Variants, Including Omicron Descendants, in a Country with
Stefan Escobar-Agreda1, Roger V Araujo-Castillo1, Luis Pampa-Espinoza1
1Centro Nacional de Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru.
Prior infection offers significant protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, but effectiveness varies by variant. This study in Peru highlights protection levels against diverse strains, including Omicron sublineages.
Area of Science:
- Epidemiology
- Infectious Diseases
- Virology
Background:
- Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection is understood to provide some immunity against reinfection.
- Peru's experience with multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants makes it a key location for studying this protective effect.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess the protective efficacy of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection against reinfection with various viral variants during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.
Main Methods:
- A nested case-control study utilized national Peruvian data from 2021 to 2023.
- Five distinct study periods were defined based on dominant SARS-CoV-2 variants.
- Protection was quantified using conditional logistic regression, calculating odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
Main Results:
- Protection against reinfection varied significantly by variant: Lambda (86.3%), Gamma (73.0%), Delta (84.7%), Omicron BA.1 (34.9%), BA.2.12.1 (67.0%), BA.4 (49.1%), BA.5 (44.8%), BQ (29.4%), and XBB (8.6%).
- Protection was notably lower for Omicron sublineages compared to earlier variants.
Conclusions:
- Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection confers substantial protection against reinfection.
- The level of protection varies considerably, particularly among different Omicron sublineages, underscoring the impact of viral evolution on immunity.
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