Polymeric nanoparticle synthesis for biomedical applications: advancing from wet chemistry methods to dry plasma...

Nanotechnology has introduced a transformative leap in healthcare over recent decades, particularly through nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. Among these, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have gained significant attention due to their tuneable physicochemical properties for overcoming biological barriers. Their surfaces can be engineered with chemical functional groups and biomolecules for a wide range of biomedical applications, ranging from drug delivery to diagnostics. However, despite these advancements, the clinical translation and large-scale commercialization of polymeric NPs face significant challenges. This review uncovers these challenges by examining the interplay between structural design and payload interaction mode. It provides a critical evaluation of the current synthesis methods, beginning with conventional wet chemical techniques, and progressing to emerging dry plasma technologies, such as plasma polymerization. Special attention is given to plasma polymerized nanoparticles (PPNs), highlighting their potential as paradigm-shifting platforms for biomedical applications while identifying key areas for improvement. The review concludes with a forward-looking discussion on strategies to address key challenges, such as achieving regulatory approval and advancing clinical translation of polymeric NP-based therapies, offering unprecedented opportunities for next-generation nanomedicine.