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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2025

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice
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Relaxin-2 Ameliorates Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting Microglia Activation.

Ji-Huan Wang1, Hong-Biao Sheng1, Jun-Kun Li1

  • 1Department of Orthopedics, Fengcheng Hospital of Fengxian District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences
|May 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Relaxin-2 (RLN-2) treatment improved neurological function and reduced spinal cord injury in mice. RLN-2 mitigated inflammation, oxidative stress, and edema, showing promise for spinal cord injury therapy.

Keywords:
AQP4BBBM2 microglia activationRelaxin‐2spinal cord injury (SCI)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to severe functional deficits and limited therapeutic options.
  • Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and edema are key pathological processes following SCI.
  • Relaxin-2 (RLN-2) has shown potential in other injury models, but its efficacy in SCI requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the therapeutic potential of Relaxin-2 (RLN-2) for promoting functional recovery and neuroprotection after spinal cord injury (SCI) in a mouse model.
  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms of RLN-2 action, including its effects on edema, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Mice with SCI received continuous subcutaneous infusion of Serelaxin (human recombinant relaxin-2).
  • Neurological recovery was assessed using Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores and foot-stepping angles.
  • Spinal cord tissue was analyzed for water content, AQP4 expression, oxidative stress markers (MDA, ROS, CAT), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), microglial polarization (M1/M2), and signaling pathways (NF-κB, STAT6).

Main Results:

  • RLN-2 treatment significantly improved neurological recovery, indicated by higher BBB scores and reduced foot-stepping angles.
  • RLN-2 administration reduced spinal cord edema, downregulated AQP4 expression, and decreased oxidative stress markers.
  • RLN-2 mitigated neuroinflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting M1 microglia activation, promoting M2 microglia polarization, and modulating NF-κB and STAT6 signaling pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Relaxin-2 (RLN-2) demonstrates significant therapeutic efficacy in improving functional recovery and providing neuroprotection following spinal cord injury in mice.
  • RLN-2 exerts its beneficial effects by reducing edema, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, and by modulating specific intracellular signaling pathways.
  • RLN-2 represents a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of spinal cord injury.