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Related Concept Videos

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Humanistic psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the deterministic and pessimistic nature of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. While behaviorism focused on observable behaviors influenced by the environment and psychoanalysis delved into unconscious motivations, both theories suggested that human actions lacked free will. In contrast, humanistic psychology offers a perspective that emphasizes the innate potential for goodness and growth within every individual.
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Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
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Contemplating on human dignity: who counts as human?

Seyed Abdosaleh Jafari1, Nafiseh Tavasoli2, Hanieh Tavasoli3

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Defining "human" is complex. This study argues no universal biological definition exists, proposing self-awareness and free choice as philosophical criteria for human rights and characteristics.

Keywords:
ConsciousnessHuman identificationHuman speciesHumansPersonal autonomySpecies identification.

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Area of Science:

  • Philosophy
  • Humanities
  • Biology

Background:

  • The study of humans is central to humanities, yet defining 'human' presents challenges.
  • Existing definitions struggle with biological objectivity, nominalism vs. realism, and logical limitations.
  • A clear definition is crucial for generalizable results and avoiding arbitrary decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the lack of a universal definition for human beings as a biological species.
  • To establish philosophical criteria for defining 'human' that encompass diversity and exceptions.
  • To differentiate between biological and philosophical conceptions of humanity.

Main Methods:

  • Philosophical analysis of species definition and its implications.
  • Examination of conflicts between nominalist and realist perspectives.
  • Development of a minimal shared definition for 'human' as a philosophical entity.

Main Results:

  • There is no universally accepted definition for human beings as a biological species.
  • Biological characteristics alone are insufficient to define 'human' in a philosophical context.
  • A philosophical definition requires criteria beyond mere biological classification.

Conclusions:

  • Self-awareness and freedom of choice are proposed as the defining criteria for a philosophical human.
  • These criteria allow for a definition that acknowledges human diversity and exceptions.
  • Attributing humanities-associated rights and characteristics requires a philosophical, not merely biological, definition of human.