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Concentration Gradient Driving Rapid Potassium Ion Diffusion in Graphite.

Bo Yin1,2, Boshi Cheng1, Lin Zhu1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Advanced Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China.

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|May 21, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel concentration-gradient strategy enhances potassium-ion diffusion in batteries by coating nitrogen-doped carbon on exfoliated graphite. This significantly boosts energy density and performance in potassium-ion batteries (PIBs).

Keywords:
concentration gradientdiffusion coefficientenergy densitypotassium-ion batteryrate capability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Improving power density in potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) often compromises energy density due to limitations in potassium ion diffusion.
  • Molecular-level modifications to carbon structures have yielded limited success in overcoming this trade-off.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a concentration-gradient-driving ion diffusion strategy to enhance both power and energy density in PIBs.
  • To overcome the inherent trade-off between energy and power density in current PIB technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Coating nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) onto exfoliated graphite (EG) to create a high potassium ion concentration gradient.
  • Investigating the effect of this coating on potassium ion diffusion kinetics and graphite intercalation compound formation.
  • Assembling and testing full-cells using the optimized EG@NC-200 material.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a seven-fold enhancement in surface potassium ion concentration before intercalation.
  • Increased the apparent potassium ion diffusion coefficient by 1000 times at the bottleneck stage.
  • EG@NC-200 delivered 134 mAh g-1 at 1.6 A g-1, significantly outperforming bare EG (8 mAh g-1).
  • Reduced discharge midpoint voltage and voltage hysteresis by 0.02 V and 1.72 V, respectively.
  • Assembled full-cells achieved an energy density of 705 Wh kg-1.

Conclusions:

  • The concentration-gradient strategy effectively enhances potassium ion diffusion and intercalation kinetics in graphite.
  • This approach successfully addresses the energy-power density trade-off in PIBs.
  • The developed EG@NC-200 material shows great promise for high-performance potassium-ion battery applications.