A systematic review of the treatment of Flegel disease

Flegel disease (FD) is a rare skin disease characterized by hyperkeratotic papules, predominantly on the lower extremities. Although typically benign, FD carries an increased risk of skin cancers such as squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, and it can cause considerable pruritus. The pathogenesis of FD remains poorly understood, with potential genetic and keratinization-related factors contributing to its development. Current treatment options include topical agents, systemic treatments, phototherapy and procedural interventions. However, no standardized treatment regimen exists. This systematic review aims to provide the first comprehensive, up-to-date analysis of treatment regimens for FD reported in the literature and highlights the need for further research to develop effective, standardized treatment protocols to improve patient care.