f₄-statistics-based ancestry profiling and convolutional neural network phenotyping shed new light on the structure...

Aegilops tauschii Coss., a progenitor of bread wheat, is an important wild genetic resource for breeding. The species comprises three genetically defined lineages (TauL1, TauL2, and TauL3), each displaying valuable phenotypes in agronomic traits, including spike shape. In the present work, we studied the relationship between population structure and spike shape variation patterns using a collection of 249 accessions. f₄-statistics-based ancestry profiling confirmed the previously identified lineages and revealed a genetic component derived from TauL3 in the genomes of some southern Caspian and Transcaucasus TauL1 and TauL2 accessions. Spike shape variation patterns were analyzed using a convolutional neural network-based approach, trained on green and dry spike image datasets. This analysis showed that spike shape diversity is structured according to lineages and demonstrated the potential to distinguish the lineages based on spike shape. The implications of these findings for the origins of common wheat and the intraspecific taxonomy of Ae. tauschii are discussed.