Cardiometabolic outcomes of early onset hypogonadism in males

Testosterone is an important vascular hormone, with multiple effects reported on the vasculature. As such, boys and men with early onset hypogonadism may have altered cardiovascular function, with the potential to result in adverse cardiometabolic outcomes in adulthood. Given the fact that cardiovascular changes in the young can affect future cardiovascular health, there is a need to better understand the influence of androgens on the vasculature in those with conditions such as 46, XY Disorders of Sex Development and Klinefelter Syndrome. This review summarises what is known about hypogonadism and the effects of testosterone supplementation in adults with hypogonadism, as well as what is currently understood in those with early onset hypogonadism specifically. A number of research gaps persist in this area and there is a need for international collaborative studies to address these for future generations of affected individuals.