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Retroviruses02:33

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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EBV: The Viral Genome.

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  • 1Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK. p.farrell@imperial.ac.uk.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genetic map is crucial for understanding its biology and disease links. This summary highlights key genetic variations in over 1,000 sequenced EBV genomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genetic map is foundational to understanding viral biology and disease.
  • EBV was the first large DNA virus to be fully sequenced, initiating extensive gene mapping efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize sequence variations in the EBV genome.
  • To identify variations potentially impacting EBV biological properties or diagnostic detection.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of over 1,000 sequenced EBV genomes.
  • Comparison against the reference NC_007605 EBV genome.

Main Results:

  • Identification of functionally significant sequence variations within the EBV genome.
  • Cataloging of genetic differences relevant to viral behavior and diagnostics.

Conclusions:

  • The EBV genetic map, updated with extensive sequencing data, reveals critical variations.
  • Understanding these genetic variations is essential for both EBV research and clinical diagnostics.