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Neurofeedback modulation of insula activity via MEG-based brain-machine interface: a double-blind randomized

Yuhao Wang1,2, Ryohei Fukuma1,2, Ben Seymour3,4

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan.

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|May 21, 2025
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This study shows that individuals can learn to control their insula activity through neurofeedback. Downregulating insula activity with neurofeedback training correlated with higher pain thresholds.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Pain Perception

Background:

  • The insula is implicated in pain perception and is a target for neuromodulation.
  • Cognitive control over insula activity and its causal link to pain remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cognitive modulation of insula activity using neurofeedback.
  • To determine if modulating insula activity causally affects pain perception.

Main Methods:

  • A double-blind, randomized controlled crossover trial involving 19 healthy subjects.
  • Magnetoencephalography (MEG)-based brain-machine interface for neurofeedback training (upmodulation and downmodulation of right insula activity).
  • Assessment of insula activity and pain thresholds post-training.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in insula activity were observed between upmodulation and downmodulation sessions.
  • Resting-state insula activity decreased after downmodulation training compared to upmodulation training.
  • Downmodulation training was associated with increased pain thresholds, though not statistically significant.

Conclusions:

  • Humans can cognitively modulate insula activity via neurofeedback.
  • MEG-based neurofeedback shows potential for therapeutic applications targeting the insula.
  • Direct causal evidence linking insula activity modulation to pain threshold changes was not established in this study.