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Related Concept Videos

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

40.4K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

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Dual-Anion Sodium Halide-based Solid Electrolytes With High Ionic Conductivity and High-Voltage Stability.

Yuan Tan1, Jordan Gatts1, Chengyu Fu2

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, 75080, USA.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Anion mixing creates a novel halide-based solid-state electrolyte (SSE) for sodium batteries. This new material exhibits enhanced ionic conductivity and stability, paving the way for safer, high-performance sodium solid-state batteries (SSBs).

Keywords:
amorphous structureanion mixinghalide‐based electrolytesodium solid‐state battery

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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Sodium solid-state batteries (SSBs) are attractive alternatives to lithium-ion systems due to cost, safety, and energy density advantages.
  • Key challenges for SSBs include low ionic conductivity and interfacial instability in solid-state electrolytes (SEs).
  • Halide-based SEs are a focus, but require optimization for improved performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-performance halide-based solid-state electrolyte (SE) for sodium solid-state batteries (SSBs) using an anion mixing strategy.
  • To investigate the impact of partial chloride (Cl-) substitution with oxide (O2-) on the properties of NaNbCl6-based materials.
  • To evaluate the electrochemical performance and stability of the novel electrolyte in a full SSB device.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a novel halide-based SE, NaNbxCl5x-1O (NNCO, x ≈ 1), via anion mixing by substituting Cl- with O2-.
  • Characterization of ionic conductivity, activation energy, and electrochemical stability of the synthesized SE.
  • Fabrication and testing of a full SSB device using the NNCO SE, a doped Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 cathode, and a Na2Sn anode.

Main Results:

  • The glassy NNCO SE demonstrated significantly enhanced Na+ ionic conductivity (>1.0 mS cm-1 at 30 °C) and low activation energy (0.23 eV) compared to crystalline NaNbCl6.
  • Heat-treated NNCO (NNCO-HT) showed improved structural order while maintaining high ionic conductivity.
  • The NNCO SE exhibited excellent oxidative stability (up to 4.3 V vs. Na+/Na) and chemical compatibility with sulfide components. The full SSB achieved an initial capacity of 95 mAh g-1 with excellent cycling stability (80% retention after 500 cycles, 73% after 1000 cycles).

Conclusions:

  • Anion mixing is an effective strategy for enhancing the ionic conductivity and stability of halide-based SEs.
  • The developed NNCO SE offers a promising pathway towards practical, high-performance sodium solid-state batteries.
  • This research provides a viable approach for overcoming limitations in current sodium-based energy storage systems.