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Assessment of Respiration

Assessment of Respiration

The respiratory system's basic structures and primary functions lay the foundation for nurses' comprehensive respiratory assessments. This assessment includes subjective and objective data to gauge the patient's respiratory health.
Subjective Assessment: Nurses interview the patient to gather information directly during the subjective assessment. It includes questions about the individual's medical history, medications, and symptoms, focusing on past respiratory conditions like...

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection

Physical assessment of the respiratory tract through inspection is a crucial step in understanding the patient's respiratory health. It provides insights into the functioning of the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal structure, and even the patient's nutritional status. This comprehensive approach involves observing several vital aspects: chest configuration, breathing patterns, respiratory rates, skin color, and use of accessory muscles.
Chest Configuration
The chest configuration...

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...

Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles

Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles

A thorough assessment of respiratory health is paramount in clinical settings to identify and manage respiratory distress and ensure adequate oxygenation. This article elaborates on the critical aspects of respiratory evaluation, including airway assessment, skin color examination, and the observation of accessory muscle use, which are integral to effectively diagnosing and managing patients with respiratory conditions.
Introduction
The initial evaluation of a patient's respiratory system...

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Respiratory Depth
Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:

Assessment of Ventilation I: Respiratory Rate

Assessment of Ventilation I: Respiratory Rate

Assessment of Ventilation
A Ventilation assessment is critical for monitoring a patient's health status. Respiration, one of the most accessible vital signs, provides insights into the function of numerous body systems and can indicate serious health issues, such as brainstem injuries from head trauma.
Critical Guidelines for Assessing Ventilation:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2025

Laryngeal Mask Airway LMA Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway SGA

Laryngeal Mask Airway LMA Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway SGA

Published on: July 14, 2023

Neonatal Resuscitation Program Versus Pediatric Advanced Life Support: An Examination of Rescue Breaths With Changing

Mathavan Sivarajah¹, Shafeeque Kunhiabdullah¹, Sreenivas Karnati²

¹Drs. Sivarajah and Kunhiabdullah are affiliated with Metrohealth, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

Respiratory Care

|May 22, 2025

Summary

Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) at 30 breaths/min offers similar minute ventilation and total PEEP to Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) at 40 breaths/min. Higher NRP rates risk excessive PEEP in older infants.

Keywords:

NRP PALS auto-PEEP rescue breaths resuscitation

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Last Updated: May 23, 2025

Laryngeal Mask Airway LMA Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway SGA

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The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation

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A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn

A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn

Published on: April 7, 2023

Area of Science:

Pediatric critical care
Neonatal resuscitation
Respiratory physiology

Background:

Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) and Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) protocols differ, with limited study on the transition between them.
Pulmonary mechanics significantly change with infant growth, impacting rescue breath strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the effectiveness of NRP and PALS rescue breath strategies across different infant ages.
To evaluate the impact of varying ventilation rates and pressures on pulmonary mechanics in simulated infants.

Main Methods:

Utilized a high-fidelity breathing simulator (IngMar ASL 5000) modeling infant pulmonary compliance and resistance based on growth data.
Applied Maquet Servo-i ventilator with standardized peak inspiratory pressure and PEEP, adjusting inspiratory time and respiratory rates for NRP and PALS.
Measured inspired tidal volume, airway PEEP, total PEEP, and calculated minute ventilation, analyzing data via linear regression.

Main Results:

Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) delivered larger corrected tidal volumes than Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) at comparable pressures.
Higher NRP rates (50-60 breaths/min) resulted in significant inadvertent total PEEP buildup.
PALS at 30 breaths/min and NRP at 40 breaths/min demonstrated comparable minute ventilation and total PEEP.

Conclusions:

PALS at 30 breaths/min provides comparable minute ventilation and total PEEP to NRP at 40 breaths/min.
Higher NRP ventilation rates may lead to concerning levels of total PEEP in older pediatric patients.
Differences in lung mechanics necessitate careful consideration of rescue breath strategies between NRP and PALS.