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Ileus After Colectomy in the Modern Era: A Population-Based Analysis
Grace M Crouch1, Samantha Hendren2, Kara K Brockhaus3
1Department of Surgery, Trinity Health Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Background:
Postoperative ileus after colectomy is common and associated with increased health care costs and patient morbidity. Although most Michigan hospitals have implemented enhanced recovery pathways, we hypothesized that ileus would still be clinically relevant.
Objective:
To understand the current burden of and risk factors for postoperative ileus.
Design:
Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing elective colectomy. Patient, hospital, perioperative care, and surgical risk factors were tested for association. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent risk factors for ileus. Risk-adjusted hospital rates of ileus were compared.
Setting:
Seventy hospitals in the Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative.
Patients:
Prospective database between 2018 and 2023.
Main Outcome Measure:
The primary outcome was postoperative ileus, defined as "no oral intake for 4 or more postoperative days or the need for nasogastric tube insertion within 30 days after surgery."
Results:
Of 9571 patients who underwent elective colectomy, there were 9393 partial and 178 total colectomies. Ileus was diagnosed in 6.56% of the cohort, and hospital crude rates ranged from 0.79% to 22.0%. Ileus was associated with other complications (29.62% for those with postoperative ileus vs 7.68% for those without postoperative ileus, p < 0.0001), mortality (1.75% vs 0.59%, p = 0.0006), reoperation (16.72% vs 4.92%, p < 0.0001), and readmissions (27.39% vs 6.50%, p < 0.0001). Multivariable analysis revealed risk factors for ileus to be total colectomy (27.5% versus 6.2% for partial colectomy), hospital size of more than 500 beds, male sex, immunosuppressant medications, non-White race, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep apnea, and age older than 65 years. Factors associated with decreased ileus included a minimally invasive surgical approach (5.2% vs 10.1% for open approach), alvimopan use, ambulation within 24 postoperative hours, and diverticular disease. There was significant hospital variation in risk-adjusted ileus rates.
Limitations:
Retrospective study design.
Conclusions:
The low observed rate of ileus may reflect the modern era of enhanced recovery and minimally invasive colectomy. Total colectomy is associated with high rate of ileus compared to partial colectomy. Increased implementation of minimally invasive surgery, perioperative alvimopan, and early ambulation might further reduce ileus rates. See Video Abstract.
Leo Despus De Una Colectoma En La Era Moderna Un Anlisis Poblacional:
ANTECEDENTES:El íleo postoperatorio tras una colectomía es frecuente y se asocia con un aumento de los costos de atención médica y la morbilidad del paciente. Si bien la mayoría de los hospitales de Michigan han implementado vías de recuperación mejoradas, nuestra hipótesis fue que el íleo seguiría siendo clínicamente relevante.OBJETIVO:Comprender la causa actual y los factores de riesgo del íleo postoperatorio.DISEÑO:Análisis retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a colectomía electiva. Se evaluó la asociación entre el paciente, el hospital, la atención perioperatoria y los factores de riesgo quirúrgicos. Se realizó una regresión logística multivariable para identificar los factores de riesgo independientes del íleo. Se compararon las tasas hospitalarias de íleo ajustadas al riesgo.ESCENARIO:Setenta hospitales del Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative.PACIENTES:Base de datos prospectiva entre 2018 y 2023.MEDIDA DE RESULTADOS PRINCIPAL:El resultado primario fue el íleo postoperatorio, definido como «ausencia de ingesta oral durante ≥4 días postoperatorios o necesidad de inserción de sonda nasogástrica dentro de los 30 días posteriores a la cirugía». RESULTADOS: De 9571 pacientes sometidos a colectomía electiva, se realizaron 9393 colectomías parciales y 178 totales. Se diagnosticó íleo en el 6,56 % de la cohorte, y las tasas brutas hospitalarias oscilaron entre el 0,79 % y el 22,0 %. El íleo se asoció con otras complicaciones (29,62 % frente al 7,68 %, p < 0,0001), mortalidad (1,75 % frente al 0,59 %, p = 0,0006), reintervención (16,72 % frente al 4,92 %, p < 0,0001) y reingresos (27,39 % frente al 6,50 %, p < 0,0001). El análisis multivariable mostró que los factores de riesgo de íleo fueron la colectomía total (27,5%) frente a la parcial (6,2%), el tamaño del hospital >500 camas, el sexo masculino, los inmunosupresores, la raza no blanca, la EPOC, la apnea del sueño y la edad >65 años. Los factores asociados con una disminución del íleo incluyeron el abordaje quirúrgico mínimamente invasivo (5,2%) frente al abierto (10,1%), el alvimopán, la deambulación en las 24 horas posteriores a la operación y la enfermedad diverticular. Se observó una variación significativa entre hospitales en las tasas de íleo ajustadas al riesgo.LIMITACIONES:Diseño retrospectivo del estudio.CONCLUSIÓN:La baja tasa observada de íleo podría reflejar la era moderna de la recuperación mejorada y la colectomía mínimamente invasiva. La colectomía total se asocia con una alta tasa de íleo en comparación con la colectomía parcial. Una mayor implementación de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva, el alvimopán perioperatorio y la deambulación temprana podrían reducir aún más las tasas de íleo. (Traducción-Dr Yolanda Colorado ).
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