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Related Concept Videos

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Updated: May 23, 2025

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing
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Genome modification in plant mitochondria.

Joachim Forner1

  • 1Max-Planck-Institut fuer Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Abteilung 3, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam D-14476, Germany.

Plant Physiology
|May 22, 2025
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Summary

Researchers can now precisely edit plant mitochondrial genomes using new tools like transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and DNA base editors. These advancements allow detailed study of mitochondrial DNA and its functions, overcoming previous technical limitations.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Genetics
  • Cellular Organelles

Background:

  • Mitochondria are essential plant cell components with their own genomes encoding vital genes.
  • Studying the plant mitochondrial genome was historically challenging due to low mutation rates and lack of genetic tools.
  • Targeted genetic modification of mitochondria is crucial for understanding plant physiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state and future prospects of targeted mitochondrial genome modification in plants.
  • To highlight the impact of new genetic tools on studying plant mitochondrial function.
  • To discuss advancements in plant mitochondrial genetics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized nuclear-encoded transcription activator-like effector (TALE) nucleases (TALENs) for targeted mitochondrial mutagenesis.
  • Employed DNA base editors, a newer technology based on TALEs and cytosine deaminase, for precise point mutations.
  • Leveraged protein-only TALENs for post-transcriptional import into plant mitochondria.

Main Results:

  • TALENs enabled unambiguous identification of open reading frames (ORFs) responsible for cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS).
  • TALEN mutagenesis demonstrated effectiveness across plant species amenable to nuclear transformation.
  • DNA base editors offer a method to introduce point mutations, avoiding large genomic rearrangements associated with TALENs.

Conclusions:

  • Targeted modification of plant mitochondrial genomes is rapidly advancing.
  • New tools like TALENs and DNA base editors have overcome previous technical barriers in plant mitochondrial genetics.
  • Future research will likely focus on refining these tools for deeper insights into mitochondrial function and plant breeding.