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A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...
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Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
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An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
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A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
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A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
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Perinatal Stroke Presenting as Arm Swelling: A Case Report.

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  • 1University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Little Rock, Arkansas.

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Summary

A neonate with left arm swelling was diagnosed with perinatal stroke. Early recognition and management are crucial for infant outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics
  • Neonatology

Background:

  • Perinatal stroke is a rare yet significant condition in neonates.
  • It presents diagnostic challenges due to varied manifestations.
  • This case highlights a unique presentation in a term neonate.

Observation:

  • A term male neonate presented with left arm swelling and abnormal tone since birth.
  • Physical examination showed localized erythema and edema of the left upper extremity.
  • Neurological examination was otherwise unremarkable.

Findings:

  • Imaging revealed thrombi in the left axillary and subclavian arteries.
  • An infarct with diffusion restriction was noted in the right middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries.
  • Diagnosis confirmed perinatal stroke.

Implications:

  • Increased awareness of perinatal stroke among healthcare professionals is vital.
  • Prompt recognition and appropriate management are key to optimizing infant outcomes.
  • This case underscores the importance of considering stroke in neonates with unusual limb presentations.