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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Characterizing Primary Immune Responses Against Three Antigens in a Reptile.

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Understanding reptile immunity is key to wildlife conservation. This study found red-eared slider turtles showed a complement response to bacterial antigen lipopolysaccharide, but other immune responses were stable, highlighting the need for more research.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary immunology
  • Wildlife ecology
  • Conservation biology

Background:

  • Emerging diseases pose significant threats to global wildlife populations.
  • Reptile immune function is understudied, creating knowledge gaps in disease management.
  • Freshwater turtles face numerous anthropogenic impacts, including infectious diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize immune responses in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) after exposure to bacterial, viral, and fungal antigens.
  • To assess the impact of blood sample manipulation on microbial killing assays.
  • To investigate corticosterone levels as an indicator of energy mobilization post-antigen exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Adult red-eared slider turtles were administered antigens (lipopolysaccharide, poly(I:C), zymosan) or saline.
  • Blood samples were collected at multiple time points (0–72 h) and subjected to various manipulations (fresh, frozen, heat-treated).
  • Microbial killing assays were performed against Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus; corticosterone was quantified via ELISA.

Main Results:

  • Microbial killing activity remained largely stable across antigen treatments and serum manipulations.
  • Serum manipulations revealed differential contributions of leukocytes and proteins to killing specific microbes.
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure suggested an enhanced complement response, while other antigens showed less consistent effects.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial killing assays are valuable ecoimmunological tools, especially when enhanced by serum/buffy layer manipulation.
  • Red-eared slider turtles appear to rely on a robust complement system, particularly for Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Further research is needed on dose-dependent immune responses to various antigens in turtles and other reptiles.