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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Poxvirus Host-Range Determinants: SAMD9/9L and Beyond.

Yan Xiang1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA;

Annual Review of Virology
|May 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Poxviruses use host-range factors to overcome cell defenses, impacting their spread. Recent discoveries, like SAMD9/9L restriction factors, enhance understanding of poxvirus host range and mammalian innate immunity.

Keywords:
SAMD9/9Linnate immunityinterferonpoxvirus host rangetRNAtRNase

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The global mpox virus spread highlights the importance of understanding poxvirus host range.
  • Poxviruses utilize host-range factors, a type of immune evasion protein, to overcome host cell defenses.
  • Recent research has uncovered novel antiviral mechanisms and expanded knowledge of innate immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on poxvirus host-range determinants.
  • To focus on the role of Sterile Alpha Motif Domain Containing 9 and 9-Like (SAMD9/9L) proteins.
  • To explore the three classes of poxvirus host-range factors that antagonize SAMD9/9L.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on poxvirus host-range factors.
  • Analysis of studies identifying novel restriction factors, including SAMD9/9L.
  • Examination of research on established antiviral proteins like IFITs, FAM111A, and ZAP.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of novel restriction factors, notably SAMD9 and SAMD9L (SAMD9/9L).
  • Identification of expanded roles for antiviral proteins such as IFITs, FAM111A, and ZAP.
  • Clarification of how poxvirus host range is determined through interactions with host factors.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in understanding poxvirus host-range determinants offer insights into mammalian innate immunity.
  • SAMD9/9L and specific poxvirus factors are key players in determining viral host tropism.
  • This research deepens our knowledge of viral evolution and host-pathogen interactions.