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Poxvirus Host-Range Determinants: SAMD9/9L and Beyond

Yan Xiang1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA;

Annual Review of Virology
|May 22, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Poxviruses use host-range factors to overcome cell defenses, impacting their spread. Recent discoveries, like SAMD9/9L restriction factors, enhance understanding of poxvirus host range and mammalian innate immunity.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The global mpox virus spread highlights the importance of understanding poxvirus host range.
  • Poxviruses utilize host-range factors, a type of immune evasion protein, to overcome host cell defenses.
  • Recent research has uncovered novel antiviral mechanisms and expanded knowledge of innate immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on poxvirus host-range determinants.
  • To focus on the role of Sterile Alpha Motif Domain Containing 9 and 9-Like (SAMD9/9L) proteins.
  • To explore the three classes of poxvirus host-range factors that antagonize SAMD9/9L.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on poxvirus host-range factors.
  • Analysis of studies identifying novel restriction factors, including SAMD9/9L.
  • Examination of research on established antiviral proteins like IFITs, FAM111A, and ZAP.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of novel restriction factors, notably SAMD9 and SAMD9L (SAMD9/9L).
  • Identification of expanded roles for antiviral proteins such as IFITs, FAM111A, and ZAP.
  • Clarification of how poxvirus host range is determined through interactions with host factors.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in understanding poxvirus host-range determinants offer insights into mammalian innate immunity.
  • SAMD9/9L and specific poxvirus factors are key players in determining viral host tropism.
  • This research deepens our knowledge of viral evolution and host-pathogen interactions.
Keywords:
SAMD9/9Linnate immunityinterferonpoxvirus host rangetRNAtRNase

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