Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Membrane-bending01:15

Mechanisms of Membrane-bending

2.9K
The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
Membrane bending can happen due to intrinsic changes in lipid composition or extrinsic association with different proteins. The proteins involved...
2.9K
Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

7.9K
Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
7.9K
Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER01:28

Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER

3.4K
Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the integrity and physiological stability of the cells as well as membrane-bound organelles. Membranes also play vital roles in cell-to-cell and intracellular communication.
A large chunk of any biological membrane is composed of phospholipids. These lipids have a heterogeneous distribution across different subcellular organelles and even between...
3.4K
Lipid Digestion01:06

Lipid Digestion

94.2K
Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific steps the body must take to break down lipids and make them available for use.
94.2K
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:39

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

106.2K
Overview
106.2K
Lipid Absorption01:24

Lipid Absorption

868
Dietary triglycerides from chyme in the duodenum are mixed with bile salts produced by the liver to emulsify fats. As a result, large droplets are broken down into smaller ones, increasing the surface area for enzymatic action. Once emulsified, pancreatic lipases hydrolyze the triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides.
These breakdown products bind with bile salts and lecithin to form micelles, which quickly pass between microvilli to come in close contact with the apical...
868

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Rectally Administered Budesonide-Loaded Phase Transformable Premix Offers Improved Recovery of Intestinal Mucosa in Ulcerative Colitis.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2026
Same author

Dependence of Disruptive Ability of Amino Acid Fibrils upon Their Physico-Mechanical Characteristics: Investigations on a Model Phospholipid Bilayer.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2025
Same author

Dependence of Phase Boundary and Interfacial Characteristics of Liquid Crystalline Structures on Surfactant-Cosurfactant Composition.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2025
Same author

Comparative Analysis of Bare and Quercetin-Loaded Nonionic Block Copolymer Micelles in an Artificial Gastrointestinal Medium.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2024
Same author

Photodynamic therapy of cancer using graphene nanomaterials.

Expert opinion on drug delivery·2024
Same author

Alkanols Regulate the Fluidity of Phospholipid Bilayer in Accordance to Their Concentration and Polarity.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Fabrication Procedures and Birefringence Measurements for Designing Magnetically Responsive Lanthanide Ion Chelating Phospholipid Assemblies
09:38

Fabrication Procedures and Birefringence Measurements for Designing Magnetically Responsive Lanthanide Ion Chelating Phospholipid Assemblies

Published on: January 3, 2018

7.3K

Bile Salts Trigger Deformability in Liposomal Vesicles through Edge-Activating Action.

Deepak Kumar1, Sanjay Tiwari1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Raebareli, Lucknow, (Uttar Pradesh) 226002, India.

Molecular Pharmaceutics
|May 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Bile salts, like sodium deoxycholate (NaDC), enhance liposome mechanical properties and deformability. This improves their potential for penetrating biological barriers, offering new possibilities in drug delivery.

Keywords:
Young’s modulusbile saltsdeformability indexelasticityliposomes

More Related Videos

Assembly of Cell Mimicking Supported and Suspended Lipid Bilayer Models for the Study of Molecular Interactions
12:18

Assembly of Cell Mimicking Supported and Suspended Lipid Bilayer Models for the Study of Molecular Interactions

Published on: August 3, 2021

3.7K
Spontaneous Formation and Rearrangement of Artificial Lipid Nanotube Networks as a Bottom-Up Model for Endoplasmic Reticulum
07:49

Spontaneous Formation and Rearrangement of Artificial Lipid Nanotube Networks as a Bottom-Up Model for Endoplasmic Reticulum

Published on: January 22, 2019

8.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Fabrication Procedures and Birefringence Measurements for Designing Magnetically Responsive Lanthanide Ion Chelating Phospholipid Assemblies
09:38

Fabrication Procedures and Birefringence Measurements for Designing Magnetically Responsive Lanthanide Ion Chelating Phospholipid Assemblies

Published on: January 3, 2018

7.3K
Assembly of Cell Mimicking Supported and Suspended Lipid Bilayer Models for the Study of Molecular Interactions
12:18

Assembly of Cell Mimicking Supported and Suspended Lipid Bilayer Models for the Study of Molecular Interactions

Published on: August 3, 2021

3.7K
Spontaneous Formation and Rearrangement of Artificial Lipid Nanotube Networks as a Bottom-Up Model for Endoplasmic Reticulum
07:49

Spontaneous Formation and Rearrangement of Artificial Lipid Nanotube Networks as a Bottom-Up Model for Endoplasmic Reticulum

Published on: January 22, 2019

8.0K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Liposomes are crucial drug delivery vehicles.
  • Modulating liposome mechanical properties is key for enhanced biological barrier penetration.
  • Bile salts are known to interact with lipid bilayers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of bile-salt-based edge activators (EAs) on liposome mechanical properties and deformability.
  • To elucidate the effect of specific bile salts (sodium cholate, NaC; sodium deoxycholate, NaDC; and sodium taurocholate, NaTC) on liposomes composed of l-α-phosphatidylcholine (SPC).

Main Methods:

  • Liposome formulation via thin-film hydration.
  • Characterization using scattering, spectroscopic, and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
  • Force-deformation and force-indentation experiments to assess mechanical properties.

Main Results:

  • Bile salts altered liposome hydrodynamic diameter, morphology, and mechanical characteristics.
  • Deformability and Young's modulus followed the order NaDC ≥ NaC > NaTC.
  • Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed hydrophobic interactions and enhanced hydrogen bonding with increased bile salt concentration.

Conclusions:

  • Sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) significantly improves liposome mechanical properties and deformability.
  • Enhanced liposome elasticity and reduced Young's modulus were observed with NaDC.
  • These findings suggest potential for improved biological barrier penetration in drug delivery applications.