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Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...
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Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing
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A Modular Approach for Leadless Pacing.

Wissam Mekary1, Sonya Vijayvargiya1, Celine Mouawad1

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Section of Electrophysiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology
|May 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The AVEIR leadless pacemaker (LP) offers a modular approach to pacing, reducing complications. This novel device allows for single or dual-chamber implantation, improving patient outcomes and device longevity.

Keywords:
AVEIRatrial leadlessleadless pacingsinus node dysfunctionventricular leadless

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • The AVEIR leadless pacemaker (LP) is a new device for single or dual-chamber pacing.
  • It enables treatment of sinus node dysfunction without transvenous pacemakers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the outcomes of AVEIR leadless pacemaker implantation.
  • To assess complication rates and device performance in a real-world setting.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 89 patients receiving AVEIR LPs between 2022-2025.
  • Data collected on patient characteristics, indications, outcomes, and electrical parameters.
  • Follow-up for device performance and complications.

Main Results:

  • 89 patients received single-atrial (37), single-ventricular (34), or dual-chamber (18) AVEIR LPs.
  • Major complication rate was 3.4%, minor rate 1.1%.
  • 2.3% required upgrade to CRT-D; 2.7% needed additional ventricular LP.

Conclusions:

  • A modular pacing strategy with AVEIR LPs minimizes cardiac hardware.
  • This approach reduces complications like perforation and dislodgment.
  • Optimized battery longevity is a key benefit.