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Related Concept Videos

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

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Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
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Peptic ulcer disease, commonly called PUD, represents a multifaceted condition characterized by disruptions in the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI)  tract. Central to the protection of the gastrointestinal lining is the mucosal-bicarbonate barrier. This physiological defense mechanism is a formidable shield against the corrosive effects of gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the stomach. Its role is pivotal in maintaining the structural integrity of the stomach's inner lining.
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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

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The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Isolating and Using Sections of Bovine Mesenteric Artery and Vein as a Bioassay to Test for Vasoactivity in the Small Intestine
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Pathology of ruminal acidosis in cattle.

Nicolás Streitenberger1, Rearte Ramiro2, Mauricio A Navarro3

  • 1University of California-Davis, Woodland, CA.

Veterinary Pathology
|May 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rumen acidosis (RA) in cattle presents distinct microscopic lesions. Subacute RA shows significant changes like epithelial hyperplasia and pustules, unlike acute RA which has minimal morphologic alterations.

Keywords:
acidosiscattlehistomorphometryrumenrumenitis

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Pathology
  • Ruminant Medicine
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Rumen acidosis (RA) is a common alimentary disease in ruminants.
  • It results from excessive feed fermentation in the reticulorumen.
  • Understanding microscopic lesions is crucial for diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize and compare microscopic lesions in acute and subacute RA in cattle.
  • To evaluate histomorphometric differences between RA forms and controls.
  • To identify key pathological markers for differentiating RA severity.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 52 cattle with rumen fluid pH ≤5.5.
  • Classification of cases into acute or subacute RA based on clinical history.
  • Histologic examination and histomorphometry of ruminal papillae, epithelium, and stratum corneum.
  • Comparison using univariable linear mixed models with 7 control animals.

Main Results:

  • Acute RA cases showed minimal changes, primarily shorter ruminal papillae compared to controls.
  • Subacute RA cases exhibited shorter, wider papillae, epithelial hyperplasia, and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis.
  • Numerous intraepithelial pustules were observed in 79% of subacute RA cases.
  • Subacute RA cases had more numerous, wider papillae and thicker epithelium than acute RA cases.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct microscopic lesions and histomorphometric profiles differentiate acute and subacute RA in cattle.
  • Subacute RA is associated with more severe and widespread histopathologic changes in the rumen.
  • These findings aid in the diagnosis and understanding of RA pathogenesis in cattle.