Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The Orphaned Innovation: Cost, Structural Barriers, and Global System Shifts Prompting Reimbursement Reform in Endoscopic Spine Surgery-Insights From 1.2 Million Cases.

International journal of spine surgery·2026

Same author

Comparable Fusion Response, but Increased Inflammatory Response, with <i>Escherichia coli</i>-Derived Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026

Same author

The top-down driver: a comprehensive review of cervical alignment as the final frontier for global spinal sagittal balance and its practical application in deformity correction.

Asian spine journal·2026

Same author

Cervical vertebral body metastasis from a gonadotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumor: illustrative case.

Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons·2026

Same author

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury as a Heterogeneous Neurological Disorder: Definition, Epidemiology, Neurobiology, and Clinical Course.

Korean journal of neurotrauma·2026

Same author

Enhancing Spinal Cord and Canal Segmentation in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy : The Role of Interactive Learning Models with manual Click.

Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model

Published on: October 5, 2009

Fusion Sequence and Risk Factors for Pseudarthrosis in Multilevel Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion.

Hyun Woong Mun¹, Jong Joo Lee¹, Hyun Chul Shin¹

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul , Republic of Korea.

|May 23, 2025

Summary

Multilevel anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) shows lower fusion rates and longer fusion times, especially in caudal levels. Polyetheretherketone cages may increase pseudarthrosis risk in these complex ACDF procedures.

Keywords:

ACDF (anterior cervical discectomy and fusion)Fusion sequence Multilevel PEEK cage Pseudarthrosis Radiographic assessment

More Related Videos

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device

Published on: November 8, 2024

Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability

Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability

Published on: July 25, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model

Published on: October 5, 2009

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device

Published on: November 8, 2024

Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability

Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability

Published on: July 25, 2025

Area of Science:

Spine Surgery
Orthopedic Surgery
Neurosurgery

Background:

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a common treatment for cervical spine conditions.
Pseudarthrosis is a known complication, particularly after multilevel ACDF.
Optimizing fusion rates and minimizing pseudarthrosis are critical for successful ACDF outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare fusion rates and times between 2-level and 3-level ACDF.
To identify risk factors for pseudarthrosis in multilevel ACDF.
To evaluate the impact of cage material on fusion outcomes.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 119 patients undergoing 2-level or 3-level ACDF with a minimum 2-year follow-up.
Dynamic radiographs used to assess interspinous motion and determine fusion status.
Statistical analysis including Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression to identify pseudarthrosis risk factors.

Main Results:

2-level ACDF had a higher cumulative fusion rate (73.1%) than 3-level ACDF (57.7%) over 24 months.
Median fusion time was shorter for 2-level ACDF (13.81 months) vs. 3-level ACDF (18.35 months).
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages and multilevel ACDF were associated with increased pseudarthrosis risk.

Conclusions:

Multilevel ACDF, especially at caudal levels, is associated with lower fusion rates and longer fusion times.
PEEK cages may increase the risk of pseudarthrosis in multilevel ACDF.
Careful selection of surgical techniques and materials is crucial for improving fusion outcomes in multilevel ACDF.