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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery
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Developing a Core Outcome Set for Pediatric and Adult Acute and Chronic Pain Extended Reality Trials: Delphi

Courtney W Hess1, Deirdre E Logan2,3, Brittany N Rosenbloom4,5

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States.

Journal of Medical Internet Research
|May 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A core outcome set for extended reality (XR) pain trials was established, including pain severity, adverse events, user experience, and psychological constructs. This standardizes assessment for pediatric and adult acute and chronic pain interventions.

Keywords:
acute pain chronic painadultsaugmented realityclinical trialscore outcome setextended realityinterventionspediatricvirtual reality

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Area of Science:

  • Pain Management
  • Extended Reality (XR) Interventions
  • Clinical Trial Methodology

Background:

  • High-quality trials and outcome assessments are crucial for advancing acute and chronic pain care.
  • Extended Reality (XR), including virtual and augmented reality, has emerged as a significant non-pharmacological pain treatment.
  • A lack of standardized outcome assessment strategies for XR pain interventions hinders research progress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To recommend a standardized core set of outcomes for clinical trials involving XR interventions for pediatric and adult acute and chronic pain.
  • To establish consensus on essential outcome domains to enhance the quality and comparability of XR pain research.

Main Methods:

  • A multiphase approach was employed, starting with systematic reviews of XR pain trials to identify commonly assessed outcome domains.
  • A Delphi survey was administered to clinicians and researchers actively involved in XR for pain treatment.
  • Consensus was reached through an in-person meeting and subsequent Delphi survey rounds, adhering to Outcome Measures in Rheumatology guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Systematic reviews included 90 pediatric and 104 adult XR pain studies.
  • Commonly measured outcomes included pain intensity, distraction, anxiety, satisfaction, and adverse events.
  • Mandatory domains for all XR pain trials are pain severity, adverse events, user experience, and psychological constructs; pain interference is mandatory for chronic pain.

Conclusions:

  • Establishing a core outcome set is vital for strengthening the evidence base for XR interventions in pain management.
  • This core set will improve the consistency and validity of research findings across pediatric and adult populations.
  • Future work will focus on recommending validated measures for each established outcome domain.