Porphyrin-Peptide Conjugates: Functional Self-Assembled Nanomaterials for Biomedical and Energy Conversion...

Porphyrin-peptide conjugates have emerged as promising self-assembling nanomaterials, combining the structural versatility of peptides with the exceptional optical and electronic properties of porphyrins. The extended π-conjugation of porphyrins enables strong π-π interactions, facilitating the formation of well-organized and tunable nanostructures. When conjugated with peptides, these hybrid systems exhibit enhanced biocompatibility, stimuli-responsiveness, and functional versatility, making them ideal for biomedical and energy-related applications. Their ability to self-assemble under controlled conditions allows for precise tuning of properties through pH, temperature, light, and sonication. These peptide-porphyrin conjugates have demonstrated significant potential in photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, drug delivery, tumor imaging, and artificial light harvesting. This review highlights the design, synthesis, self-assembly mechanisms, and diverse applications of porphyrin-peptide nanomaterials, underscoring their importance in next-generation functional materials.