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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
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Cell competition eliminates aneuploid human pluripotent stem cells.

Amanda Ya1, Chenhui Deng1, Kristina M Godek1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.

Stem Cell Reports
|May 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) prevent aneuploidy through cell competition, not uniform elimination. Neighboring cells with differing MYC and p53 levels drive this genome stability mechanism.

Keywords:
MYCaneuploidycell competitionhuman pluripotent stem cellsmosaicismp53preimplantation embryos

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Alternative Cultures for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Production, Maintenance, and Genetic Analysis
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Alternative Cultures for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Production, Maintenance, and Genetic Analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can maintain diploidy over generations despite frequent mitotic errors leading to aneuploidy.
  • The mechanisms preventing the propagation of aneuploid hPSCs and maintaining genome stability are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how genome stability is maintained in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) despite frequent mitotic errors.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the elimination of aneuploid cells within hPSC populations.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of uniformly aneuploid versus mosaic populations of hPSCs.
  • Investigation of the roles of MYC and p53 in cell competition dynamics.
  • Assessment of cell-non-autonomous competition between diploid and aneuploid hPSCs.

Main Results:

  • Unlike somatic cells, uniformly aneuploid hPSC populations with diverse abnormal karyotypes can proliferate.
  • In mosaic populations, cell-non-autonomous competition eliminates less fit aneuploid hPSCs.
  • The relative abundance of MYC and p53 levels dictates competitive advantage or disadvantage for aneuploid cells.

Conclusions:

  • MYC- and p53-driven cell competition mechanisms preserve genome integrity in hPSCs, despite their low mitotic fidelity.
  • These findings are crucial for the safe application of hPSCs in regenerative medicine.
  • Understanding this process offers insights into diploid human embryo formation during development.