Home detection of atrial fibrillation using cardiac activity analysis: technologies available to the patient

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, whose incidence and prevalence have increased over the last 20 years and will continue to increase over the next 30 years. It is characterized by irregular atrial activation, leading to complications as stroke and heart failure. Due to its intermittent and asymptomatic nature, diagnosing and monitoring AF is challenging but crucial for effective treatment and prevention of serious complications.

This study reviews noninvasive medical devices available for home detection of AF by analyzing cardiac activity through ECG or photoplethysmography (PPG). The review covers the technologies underlying single-lead ECG acquisition and PPG sensors, and describes how these are used, also in combination, in home-use medical devices (including smartwatches and wristbands).

Single-lead ECG and PPG technologies in consumer electronics have revolutionized AF detection, making it more accessible and convenient for patients. Despite some limitations in signal quality and diagnostic scope, these devices offer significant benefits for early AF detection and management. The use of wearable devices, including smartwatches and wristbands, for heart activity monitoring represents a promising advancement in patient-lead healthcare, potentially leading to better outcomes through timely medical intervention and improved patient engagement in managing their condition.