The molecular basis of music-induced neuroplasticity in humans: A systematic review

Neuroscientific research on music-based activities has grown rapidly, shedding light on the health benefits of music across various domains. However, the molecular mechanisms by which music influences neuroplasticity in humans remain largely unexplored. This review aimed to synthesize and critically appraise existing research on molecular neuroplasticity in humans, with a specific focus on the effects of receptive and active music-based interventions (MBIs) and musical training. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across four databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Scopus), for articles published between 2000 and December 2023. From an initial return of 3239 records, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were synthesized into three categories of music experiences: (1) receptive MBIs, (2) active MBIs, and (3) musical training. Both active and receptive MBIs were found to enhance neuroplasticity. Specifically, music listening was associated with relaxation and improved immune function, marked by the upregulation of genes related to neuroprotection and synaptic plasticity, while active MBIs consistently enhanced peripheral neurotrophic factors in both healthy and patient populations. Among musicians, neurogenetic alterations linked to music perception and production, neurogenesis, and neurotransmission were identified, with multiple studies highlighting the roles of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Alpha Synuclein (SNCA), and GATA2 (GATA Binding Protein 2) genes. Collectively, both MBIs and musical training induce neuroplastic changes by modulating neurogenetics, enhancing neurotrophins, altering hormonal levels, and reducing stress in humans. These findings highlight the need for further research to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying music's effects on the human brain, which could have implications for advancing therapeutic interventions for neuropsychological disorders.