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Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:

Acute Pancreatitis II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Acute Pancreatitis II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Acute pancreatitis presents a complex medical emergency characterized by rapid onset inflammation of the pancreas, demanding timely diagnosis and management to prevent complications. The condition primarily manifests through severe upper abdominal pain that often radiates to the back. This pain intensifies following the consumption of fatty foods. Accompanying symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, fever, dyspnea, cyanosis, and jaundice can vary in intensity but significantly...

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...

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Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Sodium Taurocholate Induced Severe Acute Pancreatitis in C57BL/6 Mice

Sodium Taurocholate Induced Severe Acute Pancreatitis in C57BL/6 Mice

Published on: June 28, 2021

Risk Factors for Acute Cholangitis Caused by Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase and AmpC-Producing Organisms.

Takuro Nishiwaki^1,2, Shigenobu Yoshimura¹, Naoto Hosokawa³

¹Department of Gastroenterology, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan.

Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)

|May 25, 2025

Summary

Risk factors for resistant bacteria in acute cholangitis (AC) include prior antibiotic use, dialysis, and nursing home residence for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E). Chromosomally mediated AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CAE) risk factors include prior antibiotic use and endoscopic sphincterotomy history.

Keywords:

Acute cholangitis AmpC significant productions Bile culture Blood culture Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases

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Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes

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Antibiotic Efficacy Testing in an Ex vivo Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

Antibiotic Efficacy Testing in an Ex vivo Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

Published on: January 22, 2021

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Gastroenterology
Microbiology

Background:

Prompt antibiotic administration is critical for acute cholangitis (AC) management.
Selecting antibiotics requires considering severity and resistance patterns, especially for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) and chromosomally mediated AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CAE).
Patient characteristics influencing resistance in AC are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify risk factors associated with ESBL-E and CAE in patients with AC.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 721 AC patients undergoing ERCP at a tertiary center in Japan (April 2018 - April 2024).
Focused on the first AC episode during hospitalization.
Multivariate analysis was used to determine independent risk factors.

Main Results:

CAE (113 cases) showed higher recurrence rates (15.9% vs. 4.3%) and more frequent broad-spectrum antibiotic escalation (19.5% vs. 8.7%) compared to ESBL-E (22 cases).
No significant clinical outcome differences were observed between ESBL-E and non-ESBL-E groups.
Independent risk factors for ESBL-E included prior antibiotic use, dialysis, and nursing home residence.
Independent risk factors for CAE included prior antibiotic use and history of endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST).

Conclusions:

Recent antibiotic use, dialysis, and institutionalization are linked to ESBL-E in AC.
Recent antibiotic use and a history of EST are associated with CAE in AC.