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Retrospective link of altered mental status and cryptococcal meningitis
Punithkumar Naraganahalli Krishnaraj1, Chandavi Venkatesh1, Dhanu Anneyplar Shivakumar1
1Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore.
None:
Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a severe central nervous system infection primarily affecting immunocompromised patients, significantly contributing to global morbidity and mortality. This chapter explores the link between altered mental status (AMS) and CM, focusing on pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical correlations. Cryptococcus neoformans invades the central nervous system, evading immune defenses and causing increased intracranial pressure, inflammation, and neuronal damage. AMS, a frequent early symptom in CM, signals neurological involvement and disease severity, ranging from subtle cognitive issues to severe deficits. Retrospective studies highlight AMS as a prognostic marker, often associated with worse outcomes. Diagnostic challenges are discussed, emphasizing early recognition for timely intervention. Advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning are proposed to enhance diagnostic accuracy, prognosis, and management of CM. The chapter also covers antifungal therapies and supportive interventions to mitigate AMS-related complications. Future research directions include AI-driven diagnostics and novel treatments to improve outcomes in CM and its neurological manifestations.
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Amnesia
The severity and duration of memory loss vary depending on the type and underlying cause. Amnesia is classified into two main types: retrograde and anterograde.
Retrograde amnesia is marked by the loss of memories formed before the onset of the condition. Patients may recall distant past events but often forget those occurring shortly before the incident.
Anterograde...