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Related Concept Videos

Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

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A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
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Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

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A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
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Branching-Induced Intermolecular Repulsion Effects Drive Stable and Sustainable Flow Batteries on Condensed Nitroxyl

Hao Fan1, Ravivarma Mahalingam1, Hongbin Li1

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Researchers developed a novel chain-branched dual-ammonium nitroxyl radical for aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs). This breakthrough enhances stability and energy density, paving the way for safer, longer-lasting energy storage solutions.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are crucial for scalable energy storage.
  • Challenges exist in molecular engineering for stable and reversible organic redox chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a stable and flowable catholyte for AORFBs by departing from conventional linear structures.
  • To improve the capacity retention and power density of AORFBs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a chain-branched dual-ammonium nitroxyl radical derivative.
  • Assembly and testing of AORFBs using the novel catholyte and a viologen anolyte.
  • In situ ultraviolet-visible characterization and theoretical simulations.

Main Results:

  • The developed AORFBs achieved high capacity retention (99.992%/cycle) and a peak power density of 140.3 mW cm⁻².
  • Branched structure accelerated binding energy barrier by ~40%, enhancing electrostatic repulsion.
  • Inhibition of side reactions and maintenance of structural stability in radical and oxoammonium states.

Conclusions:

  • The chain-branched dual-ammonium nitroxyl radical offers enhanced stability and performance for AORFBs.
  • This molecular design strategy overcomes limitations in organic redox chemistry for energy storage.
  • The formulation promotes eco-friendly, durable, and sustainable high-energy density AORFBs.