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Foot-and-mouth disease virus O/ME-SA/SA-2018: A new emerging threat posed by viruses circulating in Asia?

Natasha Edwards1, Andrew E Shaw1, Antonello Di Nardo1

  • 1The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom.

Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases
|May 26, 2025
PubMed

Insights

A new foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) lineage, O/ME-SA/SA-2018, emerged in India in 2018 and spread internationally. This study details its evolution, vaccine compatibility, and a new detection method.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • A novel foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) lineage, O/ME-SA/SA-2018, emerged in India in 2018.
  • This lineage has since spread to neighboring countries and the Middle East, expanding its epidemiological footprint.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct the evolutionary history of the O/ME-SA/SA-2018 FMDV lineage.
  • To assess the vaccine matching potential of commercially available FMD vaccines against this emerging lineage.
  • To develop a lineage-specific diagnostic assay for early detection of field cases.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of FMDV sequence data from field isolates.
  • In vitro evaluation of vaccine matching using sera from animals vaccinated with commercial FMD vaccines.
  • Development and validation of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay.

Main Results:

  • The evolutionary history of the O/ME-SA/SA-2018 lineage was elucidated.
  • Vaccine matching data indicated varying levels of protection offered by six commercial FMD vaccines.
  • A novel RT-PCR assay was developed for specific detection of the O/ME-SA/SA-2018 lineage.

Conclusions:

  • The O/ME-SA/SA-2018 lineage represents an emerging FMDV threat with a widening geographical distribution.
  • Current commercial FMD vaccines show variable efficacy against this lineage, necessitating further investigation.
  • The developed RT-PCR assay can aid in the surveillance and control of this emerging FMDV lineage. Further surveillance is crucial.
Keywords:
AsiaFMDVFoot-and-mouth disease virusO/ME-SA/SA-2018Real-time RT-PCRVaccine matching

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