The silent crisis: Vertical HIV transmission and the struggle for antiretroviral access

Vertical transmission of HIV remains a critical and preventable aspect of the global HIV epidemic. Despite significant advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART) and prevention strategies reducing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) worldwide, a concerning disparity persists between what is medically achievable and the reality experienced in many communities.

This manuscript reviews the current landscape of MTCT of HIV, drawing on documented successes in elimination and identifying persistent barriers. It analyzes challenges related to therapeutic options for neonates, pharmaceutical supply chains, regulatory approval processes for neonatal ART, and the socio-ethical dimensions. Based on this analysis, a comprehensive five-point action plan is proposed to address these multifaceted issues.

The review highlights that 19 countries and territories have successfully eliminated MTCT of HIV, demonstrating the feasibility of this goal. However, significant barriers impede universal success. These include: 1) Limited availability of neonatal-specific ART formulations. 2) Pharmaceutical market dynamics driven by high-income countries. 3) Ethical and regulatory hurdles in conducting clinical trials for ART in neonates, hindering the generation of safety data. 4) MTCT is not just a medical problem but a profound social justice issue, exacerbated by stigma and discrimination.

Elimination of vertical HIV transmission is an attainable goal. The proposed action plan-encompassing strengthened antenatal screening, prompt ART initiation for pregnant women, guaranteed neonatal prophylaxis, robust supply chain management, and dedicated research and advocacy-offers a pathway to extend the possibility of an HIV-free start in life to every child, regardless of geographic or economic circumstance.