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Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks
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Miniaturized Soft and Stretchable Multilayer Circuits through Laser-Defined High Aspect-Ratio Printing.

Mohsen Mohammadi1,2, Jin Shang1,3, Yuyang Li1

  • 1Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 602 21, Sweden.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 27, 2025
PubMed
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This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a scalable printing method for ultra-soft, high-resolution stretchable conductors. This breakthrough enables advanced miniaturized wearables for biomedical applications.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Electronics Manufacturing

Background:

  • Stretchable electronics are crucial for integrating wearables with the human body for biomedical applications.
  • Current microfabrication methods face challenges in achieving simultaneous tissue-like softness, high resolution, and low sheet resistance in miniaturized multilayer stretchable printed circuit boards.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a scalable printing method for ultra-soft, high-resolution stretchable conductors with high aspect-ratio tracks and fine vertical interconnect access (VIA).
  • To demonstrate the capability of this method for creating miniaturized multilayer stretchable electronics.

Main Methods:

  • A scalable printing method utilizing stencil printing into laser-defined bio-masks made from lignin.
  • Achieving ultra-soft conductors (<0.4 MPa) with high strain tolerance (>300%).
Keywords:
printed electronicssoft electronicsstretchable electronicswearableswireless electronics

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  • Fabricating high-resolution tracks (<2.5 µm width) and high aspect-ratio features (>1) with 20 µm VIA for multilayer configurations.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated ultra-soft (<0.4 MPa) stretchable conductors with over 300% strain capacity.
    • Achieved high-resolution (<2.5 µm width) and high aspect-ratio tracks (>1) with 20 µm VIA for multilayer circuits.
    • Developed a miniaturized multilayer ultra-soft wireless near-field-communication temperature logger.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed laser-defined printing method offers a sustainable approach to create advanced stretchable conductors beyond conventional capabilities.
    • This technology paves the way for the next generation of ultra-soft, miniaturized wearable devices for biomedical applications.