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Related Concept Videos

Volatilization01:10

Volatilization

374
Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...
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Noble Gases02:54

Noble Gases

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The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.
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Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria01:01

Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria

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Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
40.7K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

17.0K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Escape Velocities of Gases01:19

Escape Velocities of Gases

896
To escape the Earth's gravity, an object near the top of the atmosphere at an altitude of 100 km must travel away from Earth at 11.1 km/s. This speed is called the escape velocity. The temperature at which gas molecules attain the rms speed, which is equal to the escape velocity, can be estimated by using the equation for the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules. According to the kinetic theory of gas, the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is proportional to its...
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A whole-scale volatile-depleted lunar interior.

Wei Dai1, Frédéric Moynier1, Zheng-Yu Long1

  • 1Université Paris Cité, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris 75005, France.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lunar basaltic meteorites show consistent Zinc (Zn) and Potassium (K) isotope compositions, suggesting a homogeneous volatile element distribution in the Moon. This supports a globally volatile-depleted lunar interior, challenging previous sampling biases.

Keywords:
K isotopesMoonZn isotopesvolatile depletion

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Area of Science:

  • Lunar geology and geochemistry
  • Isotope geochemistry
  • Planetary science

Background:

  • The depletion of moderately volatile elements (MVE) in the Moon is a key aspect of its formation and evolution.
  • Previous studies on MVE depletion were potentially biased by Apollo mission sampling from the Procellarum KREEP Terrane.
  • Understanding MVE distribution is crucial for lunar evolutionary models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the isotopic composition of Zn and K in lunar basaltic meteorites to assess MVE homogeneity.
  • To determine if lunar samples represent a broader compositional range than Apollo samples.
  • To re-evaluate the extent of MVE depletion and its implications for lunar interior composition.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Zinc (Zn) and Potassium (K) isotope compositions in a diverse suite of lunar basaltic meteorites.
  • Characterization of meteorite samples based on Thorium (Th) content to ensure varied origins.
  • Comparison of isotopic data from meteorites, including potential far-side samples, with existing Apollo mission data.

Main Results:

  • Remarkably consistent Zn and K isotope compositions were observed across all analyzed lunar basaltic meteorite types.
  • Isotopic homogeneity was found despite significant variations in Thorium (Th) content among the samples.
  • The findings indicate that lunar volatile elements are isotopically homogeneous and were not significantly altered by major impact events.

Conclusions:

  • The Moon's volatile elements possess a relatively homogeneous isotopic composition.
  • Previous estimates of MVE abundance and isotopic composition from Apollo samples are likely representative of the bulk Moon.
  • The study supports the hypothesis of a globally volatile-depleted lunar interior.