Unravelling fungal pathogenesis: Advances in CRISPR-Cas9 for understanding virulence and adaptation

Fungi, with their billion-year evolutionary history, have adapted to diverse ecological niches, including pathogenic roles that threaten global health, agriculture, and ecosystems. Fungal pathogenicity is shaped by the dynamic evolution of genetic traits that enable fungi to infect hosts, evade immune defenses, and develop resistance to antifungal treatments. Despite their significant clinical and ecological impact, the evolutionary processes underlying fungal virulence and adaptation remain incompletely understood. This review emphasizes the transformative role of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in revealing these mechanisms. By allowing precise manipulation of fungal genomes, CRISPR technologies have provided key insights into virulence factors, stress response mechanisms, immune evasion, and antifungal resistance pathways. These advances demonstrate how fungi adapt to selective pressures, repurpose conserved genetic pathways, and exploit genomic plasticity to thrive in host environments. This review explores the intersection of CRISPR technology and fungal biology, shedding light on its implications for understanding fungal pathogenesis and the potential to develop innovative therapeutic strategies against fungal infections. The integration of CRISPR applications into mycology holds promise for furthering our understanding of fungal evolutionary trajectories and enhancing the development of novel therapeutic approaches.