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Related Concept Videos

Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

565
Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
565
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

296
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Muscle Recovery and Fatigue01:24

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

2.0K
Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

783
The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab
04:41

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab

Published on: August 6, 2018

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Lactate trains immunity.

Alba Llibre1, Claudio Mauro1

  • 1School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

Trends in Immunology
|May 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trained immunity, crucial for innate immune memory, is established through lactate generation and histone lactylation. This study in a human cohort reveals these mechanisms following Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Epigenetics
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Trained immunity enhances innate immune responses.
  • Understanding trained immunity mechanisms is vital for novel therapeutics.
  • Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination is a known inducer of trained immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying trained immunity establishment.
  • To investigate the role of metabolic changes in BCG-induced trained immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Human cohort study involving BCG vaccination.
  • Analysis of cellular metabolism and epigenetic modifications.
  • Measurement of lactate production and histone lactylation.

Main Results:

  • BCG vaccination induces significant lactate generation in immune cells.
  • Lactate serves as a substrate for histone lactylation.
  • Histone lactylation is identified as a key epigenetic mechanism for innate immune memory.

Conclusions:

  • Lactate generation and histone lactylation are critical for establishing trained immunity.
  • These findings offer potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
  • The study highlights the interplay between metabolism and epigenetics in immune memory.