Stratification tools in pharmaceutical care using the capacity-motivation-opportunity framework: A scoping review

The objective is to systematically map and synthesize the existing literature on stratification tools in pharmaceutical care that apply the Capacity-Motivation-Opportunity (CMO) methodology. This review aims to identify key dimensions, methodological approaches, and research gaps that can guide future efforts toward personalized pharmaceutical interventions.

A comprehensive scoping review was conducted following the JBI guidelines and the PRISMA-ScR recommendations. Searches were performed in major databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science) as well as grey literature from relevant professional societies. Eligibility criteria were defined according to the Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) framework. After screening 897 records and assessing full-text articles, 7 documents met all inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis.

The selected studies span multiple clinical areas, including HIV, oncology, respiratory, and cardiovascular diseases, which reveal significant heterogeneity in both the variables assessed and the scoring systems used. While universal factors such as age, comorbidities, and polypharmacy are consistently reported, there is notable variability in the incorporation of psychosocial dimensions. In particular, the CMO framework has been predominantly applied within HIV care, highlighting an opportunity to extend its use to other areas of pharmaceutical practice.

This scoping review demonstrates that CMO-based stratification tools hold promise for enhancing personalized pharmaceutical care by integrating clinical and psychosocial factors. However, standardization of key variables and further research across diverse clinical settings are needed to optimize these tools and ultimately improve patient outcomes.