Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mate Choice01:20

Mate Choice

11.7K
Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
11.7K
The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

9.4K
In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
9.4K
The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

7.9K
The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
7.9K
Natural Selection and Mating Preferences01:06

Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

486
The principle of natural selection posits that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This principle is closely intertwined with mating preferences, a key aspect of sexual selection, which evolutionary psychologists believe is driven by instincts to propagate one's genes. Such instincts significantly influence mating behaviors and preferences between genders.
Females, due to their biological roles in conception, pregnancy, and nursing,...
486
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

95.0K
Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
95.0K
Social Facilitation01:04

Social Facilitation

36.0K
Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
36.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Associations of testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and related hormones with risks of cancer death, incident cancer, and incident prostate cancer in men: individual participant data meta-analyses.

The lancet. Healthy longevity·2026
Same author

Associations between testosterone and pre-androgens and sexual function; findings from the Australian Women's Midlife Years Study.

Fertility and sterility·2026
Same author

Serum Androgen Profile of Elite Athletes.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026
Same author

The ontogeny of sex differences in exercise performance.

Journal of the Endocrine Society·2026
Same author

Protective effects of the FOXO3 gene in cardiometabolic disease in the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project cohort.

The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences·2026
Same author

SRY gene screening in elite Athletics: rationale, science and implementation of the World Athletics Regulations.

British journal of sports medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players
10:08

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players

Published on: June 10, 2025

1.3K

Defining sex in the sporting world.

David J Handelsman1, Stéphane Bermon2

  • 1ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|May 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Elite sports require protected female categories to ensure fairness due to the lasting physical advantages from male puberty. Inclusivity may be suitable for sports without significant physical disparities.

Keywords:
XY DSDpubertysexsports performancetestosteronetransgender

More Related Videos

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics
09:29

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics

Published on: December 14, 2011

12.9K
An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
06:52

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field

Published on: May 26, 2020

8.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players
10:08

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players

Published on: June 10, 2025

1.3K
Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics
09:29

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics

Published on: December 14, 2011

12.9K
An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
06:52

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field

Published on: May 26, 2020

8.5K

Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Endocrinology
  • Gender Studies

Background:

  • Elite sports utilize sex-based classifications for fairness.
  • Male-to-female transgender athletes and individuals with Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) challenge these classifications.
  • Male puberty confers significant, lasting physical advantages in power/endurance sports.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the impact of male puberty-related physical advantages on elite female sports categories.
  • To determine the necessity of protected female categories in power and endurance sports.
  • To explore the balance between inclusivity and fairness in sports.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physiological differences resulting from male puberty.
  • Analysis of testosterone's role in athletic performance.
  • Examination of existing sports classification policies.

Main Results:

  • Male puberty leads to greater muscle mass, bone density, cardiorespiratory function, and hemoglobin.
  • Testosterone suppression post-puberty reduces but does not eliminate these advantages.
  • A protected female category is essential for fair competition in power/endurance sports.

Conclusions:

  • A protected female category is crucial for ensuring fair and safe competition for cisgender women in elite power and endurance sports.
  • The legacy of male puberty necessitates this protection.
  • Inclusivity may be appropriate for community, recreational, or youth sports where safety and fairness are not compromised.