Creating and hosting 3D photogrammetry models for anatomical education: An accessible and student-centered approach

Integration of 3D photogrammetry models into anatomical education can enhance students' understanding of complex anatomical structures. With advancements in photogrammetry technology, this integration has become more accessible. Interactive, photorealistic models complement traditional methods such as donor dissections. This study evaluates the usability of 3D photogrammetry models on a secure, device-independent web-based platform, compares polarized and diffuse lighting techniques, and evaluates student feedback. Two embalmed dissections (upper and lower limbs) were photographed using an iPhone 15 Pro and a digital single-lens reflex camera under diffuse and polarized lighting. The images were processed with Apple Inc. RealityKit® Object Capture to generate 3D models. Physiotherapy and physical education students accessed these models on the platform, completed quizzes, and filled out a questionnaire on their learning experience. Out of 92 invited participants, 61 responded. Seventy-seven percent agreed that the models offered sufficient anatomical detail, and 74% reported that the 3D models enhanced their understanding of spatial relationships better than traditional textbooks. Eighty-two percent found the models helpful for exam preparation. Lighting techniques were considered equally effective, with a slight preference for polarized lighting for muscle definition and diffuse lighting for photorealism. Twenty-eight percent noted slower loading times as a drawback, and only 30% believed the models enhanced their understanding more than other 3D software. Findings indicate that 3D photogrammetry models, in combination with a secure web-based platform, can be a valuable tool in anatomical education. Future improvements should focus on optimizing technical performance and expanding platform features to better meet student needs.